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Question: label a diagram of the reflex arc and describe each component briefly. Label the main glands of the endocrine system on a diagram describe functions of the hormones they produce. Write 500 words describing how the nervous system and endocrine system can control the body using examples to help you. Answer: Key components of the reflex arc: Reflex arc is the neurological unit of a neuron that carriers nerve impulses to the spinal cord in response to a stimulus. For example, when a person touches a hot object, the person automatically pulls their hand without conscious effort. This action is a type of reflex action which is governed by five parts of a reflex arc. The five key components of the reflex arc are as follows: Receptor: Receptor is the sense organ in skin, muscle or other organs that responds to a stimulus or signals in the external/internal environment. There are different types of receptors that can respond to pain, chemical stimuli or taste. Sensory neuron: Sensory neuron is the part that contains sensory receptor and carries impulses towards the central nervous system (CNS). The activated sensory neuron send the signals all the way to the spinal cord. Interneuron: It is the component that carries nerve impulse within CNS and connects or relays signals to the next neuron called the motor neuron. Motor neuron: It is the component that carries impulse away from the CNS to the body and connect it with a muscle. Effector: Effector is the structure or organ by which an animal or person responds to the stimulus such as muscle and gland (Hantman and Kaltschmidt, 2016). Figure 1: Diagram of a reflex arc and its key component. Source: (Clusters 2017) Glands of the endocrine system and the function of the hormones produced by them: The following are the main glands of the endocrine system: Pineal gland: Melatonin hormone is produced by the pineal gland and it plays a role in maintaining the circadian rhythm or sleep-wake cycle of humans. Pituitary gland: Pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain and it is a two lobe structure. The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secrete hormone like adrenecorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Lutenizing Hormone (LH), Growth Hormone (GH) and prolactin hormone. The main hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary gland is oxytocin and antiduretic hormone (ADH). The function of the hormones released by pituitary gland are as follows: ACTH- Its site of action is adrenal cortex and the main function is to stimulate the release of cortisol. TSH- It stimulates the release of thyroxine from the thyroid gland. LH- In case of females, release of LH results in ovulation whereas in males, secretion of LH results in testosterone production. GH- It plays a role in stimulating body growth by stimulating the liver and other organs to produce IGF-I or Insulin-like growth factors. Prolactin- It is the hormone that promotes lactation and results in milk production. ADH- ADH plays a role in the retention of water by causing the kidney to reabsorb solute-free water and regulate the tonicity of body fluids. Oxytocin- The oxytocin hormones has two functions. It stimulates contraction of the breast to release milk and stimulates contraction of the uterus during labor (Musumeci et al. 2015). Thyroid: T3 (Triodothyronine) and T4 (Thyroxine) are the main hormone secreted by thyroid gland it plays a role in regulating body temperature and heart rate of an individual. TSH hormones released from thyroid gland controls the secretion of these hormones from the thyroid gland (Fancy, Gallagher III and Hornig 2010). Parathyroid: The parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormones when level of blood calcium level in the blood decreases. Adrenal gland: Three hormones released from adrenal gland included mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal adrogens. Aldosterone is a type of mineralocorticoid hormone and it plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure by maintaining salt and water level in the body. The cortisol hormone stimulates glucose production and has anti-inflammatory effects. Adrenal androgens are male sex hormones which play a role in the growth of pubic hair in male and females. Reproductive gland (ovaries and testes): LH and follicle stimulating hormone are main sex hormones. LH stimulates production of testosterone, whereas FSH is necessary for pubertal development. Pancreas: Pancreas produces two hormones called glucagon and insulin. Both these hormones plays a role in controlling blood sugar level (Straub 2014). Figure 2: Glands of the endocrine system. Source: (Legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu 2018) Role of nervous system and endocrine system in controlling the body: Different systems of the human body interact with one another to control important functions of the body and keep an individual healthy. The endocrine system and the nervous system are two important systems of the human body which are not directly linked to one another, however they interact with one another in different ways. The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord and neurons that are responsible for communication across different parts of the body and controlling the human body. Secondly, the endocrine system is composed of different types of glands that produce and secrete hormones to regulate functions of different organs of the body. The hormones are involved in regulating body growth, metabolism, reproductive function and digestion. The nervous system is linked to electrical process to conduct neural processing and carry message to the brain, whereas the endocrine system is related to the chemical process (Sousa et al. 2017). The joint action of the electrical an d the chemical processes in both the system work together to influence and control body function. The nervous system is made up of bundles of interconnected neuron and the CNS, brain and spinal cord. The CNS interprets the information and the neural impulses travels from the brain to the body through the action of the neurons (Nieuwenhuys, Hans and Nicholson 2014). Hence, the CNS is the main command center of the body and the peripheral nervous system is the part that links CNS to different muscles and glands. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are involved in controlling everyday functions of the human body and these system interact with endocrine system to influence the action of hormones in regulating various body functions. Hypothalamus is the main link between nervous and the endocrine system and controlling various types of behavior such as hunger, thirst, emotion and stress response. The hypothalamus received information from different parts of the brain and then it interacts with the autonomic nervous system to affect function of various organs. In this wa y, the endocrine system and the nervous system works together to maintain homoestasis, growth and reproduction. They respond to internal and external changes in the human body (Stanfield 2012). An example of the interaction between two systems is understood by the release of milk from the mothers breast. When a baby sucks the nipple, the sensory cells in the breast send neural signals to the hypothalamus and in response to this message, oxytocin hormone is released from the pituitary gland. The mammary glands respond to the action of the hormones by releasing milk. Males and female reproductive system: The male reproductive system consists of the following: Scrotum: It has a role in protecting the testes and maintaining its temperature. Testes: It produces sperm and the male sex hormone testosterone Penis: It is used for urination and delivery of the semen into the vagina of females. Prostate: It secretes one of the components of semen called prostate fluid. Urethra: It helps in the passage of urine for excretion and ejaculation of semen. Seminal vesicle: It is involved in producing fluid for the semen. Epidymis: It plays a role in the storage of sperm and ejaculant (Standring 2015). Figure 3: Male reproductive system. Source: (clevelandclinic.org 2018) The main parts of the female reproductive system are as follows: Uterus: It plays a role in the nurturing of the fetus and protecting it till its maturity in the womb. Ovary: It produces two main reproductive hormones called the oestrogen and the progesterone Fallopian tube: It is the structure that transfers the ova from the ovary to the uterus every month Vagina: The vagina has a function during intercourse and opening for menstrual flow (Sun 2015). Figure 4: Female reproductive system. Source: (Ib.bioninja.com.au. 2018). References: clevelandclinic.org 2018.Male Reproductive System Information | Cleveland Clinic. Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 8 April 2018, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9117-male-reproductive-system Clusters, C. 2017.Reflex Action and Reflex Arc: What Happens When You Accidentally Touch a Hot Pot. Owlcation. Retrieved 7 April 2018, from https://owlcation.com/stem/Here-is-what-happens-when-you-accidentally-touch-a-hot-pot Fancy, T., Gallagher III, D. and Hornig, J.D., 2010. Surgical anatomy of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America,43(2), pp.221-227. Hantman, A.W. and Kaltschmidt, J.A., 2016. Satb2 Stations Neurons along Reflex Arcs.Neuron,91(4), pp.711-713. Ib.bioninja.com.au. 2018. Female Reproductive System | BioNinja. Retrieved 8 April 2018, from https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-6-human-physiology/66-hormones-homeostasis-and/female-reproductive-system.html Legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu. 2018. APII Notes. Retrieved 8 April 2018, from https://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/notes/APII%20Notes1%20endocrine.htm Musumeci, G., Castorina, S., Castrogiovanni, P., Loreto, C., Leonardi, R., Aiello, F.C., Magro, G. and Imbesi, R., 2015. A journey through the pituitary gland: Development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development.Acta histochemica,117(4-5), pp.355-366. Nieuwenhuys, R., Hans, J. and Nicholson, C., 2014.The central nervous system of vertebrates. Springer. Sousa, A.M., Meyer, K.A., Santpere, G., Gulden, F.O. and Sestan, N., 2017. Evolution of the human nervous system function, structure, and development.Cell,170(2), pp.226-247. Standring, S. ed., 2015.Gray's anatomy e-book: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Stanfield, C.L., 2012.Principles of human physiology. Pearson Higher Ed. Straub, R.H., 2014. Interaction of the endocrine system with inflammation: a function of energy and volume regulation.Arthritis research therapy,16(1), p.203. Sun, X., 2015. Female reproductive system. InWell-Differentiated Malignancies(pp. 67-98). Humana Press, New York, NY.